Growing Up Around, During, and After World War Ii

During and After World War II Around and during World War II there were many challenges and many exciting and terrifying events occur. Many things happen such as the Great Depression, Pearl Harbor, C)-day, and Hiroshima. Billie Jean Ramsey-styles grew up during this time. Billie was born in Brownsville, Yankee County, North Carolina on December 30 1930. Her mother was a homemaker; her father was a brick mason.She lived in a five-room house that had electricity but did not have an indoor tearoom. She did household chores like washing laundry and, dishes, making beds, carrying in firewood and cleaning house (Styles). According too U. S. History teacher â€Å"The Great Depression was the period of time in which the stock market crashed, banks failed, and the U. S. Had an economic fallout† (Mueller). It was a point in time when people did not have much of anything and they had to work hard to afford what they did have. Many people could not afford toys for their children. The chi ldren from this time still found things to do such as: play kick the can, hide and eek and, they also cut out people from magazines and used them as paper dolls. The depression also affected school budgets. Schools could not afford sports uniforms or other sports equipment. Me and my cheerleaders team made our uniforms in Home CE. Many people lost their Jobs and had to work at Civilian Conservation Corps Camps. â€Å"The camps were similar to the military. People were in small groups and wore uniforms. They had to work and follow all rules, but in return they got three square meals a day and a Job.The ICC camp in Brownsville worked on the Blue Ridge Parkway' (Styles). According to an article called Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939 â€Å"The beginning of the war, on September 1st 1939 Poland was invaded by Germany. Germany defeated the Polish army within weeks and Britain and France declare war on Germany because Germany invaded Poland. Russia invaded eastern Poland on September 17thà ¢â‚¬  Billie Jean remembers this time Clearly â€Å"me and many other people were worried that Germany and Russia would invade the United States.I may have been worried but she felt safe in the mountains of North Carolina† (Styles). The U. S. Gets involved in the war. â€Å"On December 7th 1941 Pearl Harbor was bombed by the Japanese† (Mueller). â€Å"The Japanese had planned to destroy the Pacific Fleet but failed because, all of the aircraft carriers were away on missions or training† (Pearl). â€Å"Billie remembers what she was doing when she heard the news about Pearl Harbor. She was working a Jigsaw puzzle while her father was on the couch listening to the radio- this was before the television.All of a sudden they heard We interrupt this program for a special announcement. Japan has bombed Pearl Harbor'. Billie and her family were sad for the families whose loved ones were injured or killed in the attack. They were also upset that the U. S. Had been attac ked. They continued to listen to the radio. Eventually, they heard â€Å"The U. S. Is now at war. † Since the U. S. Entered the war the government started to ration sugar and gas† (Billie). â€Å"The rationing of sugar and gas caused a rise in the black marker (Mueller).The Invasion to Normandy, â€Å"D-day, was on June 6 The plan was then to land and invade five beaches off the coast of France† (Mueller). Billie remembers what happened when the invasion was successful â€Å"The invasion was broadcast on the radio. I remember what happened when the invasion was successful. Everybody went to the town square to celebrate. The church bells were ringing, the fire whistle was going off and people were having fun. During this time period many stores shut down on Wednesday afternoons and people would get together and make victory gardens†.When asked what victory gardens were she replied Victory gardens were kitchen gardens planted during wartime to relieve food shortages† (Styles). â€Å"August 6th 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. This signaled the end of the war† (Mueller) Billie and her family were glad the war was over but sorrowful that so many people had to die to end it. They were also cared because such a destructive bomb had been developed (Styles). â€Å"After World War II everyone was rejoicing and relieved that the war was over.People were happy that the soldiers were returning home. Sugar and gas rations stopped; you could buy more at the grocery stores. After the war things died down and returned to normal† (Styles). Growing up around, during, and after World War II was an interesting time. There were many challenges and many exciting events, such as The Great Depression, D-day, Pearl Harbor, and Hiroshima. Billie Jean Styles and other people lived during this era. I chose Billie Jean Ramsey-styles as my interviewee cause she is my great, great grandmother, who is still alive.

The Decimal Numbering System Engineering Essay

Rotor is the chief portion of the chopper with which the needed 360 grade on the topographic point, remain airborne with no directional motion, velocity, Range, Lift, operational handiness etc demands can be attained. Rotors are of two types ‘ chief rotor and tail rotor. The chief rotor consists of 2 or more blades. The velocity, etc of the choppers is achieved by the figure of blades it has and length of the blade and these are connected to cardinal rotor head/hub assembly. The hub assembly rests on the swash home base which is primary constituent of the chopper. The swash home base consists of two discs one revolving and non-revolving which is mounted on the top of the chopper and this swash home base is attached/connected to the cockpit which has two sticks Corporate lever, Cyclic stick and Tail rotor pedals. The collective lever which is on the left side of the pilots seat which helps the chopper to travel up or down by traveling the swash home base up and down and these motions is attained by lifting the lever or take downing the lever The cyclic lever which acts as joy stick is between the pilots articulatio genuss helps to alter the angle of both the blades at the same time which helps the chopper to travel in all waies other than up and down and is attained by leaning the swash home base lever. Tail rotor pedals which are used to command the rotary motion of the chopper. The swash home base is rested on the mast and transmittal which is connected to the engine through thrust shaft and the tail rotor is attached to 45degree cogwheel box, thrust shaft which is attached to the engine. The engine is mounted on the engine saddle horse and is covered with hood. Hood is nil but metal portion which is used to cut down drag decrease and engine chilling and air consumption. Rotors: – The rotor can hold blades runing from 2 to 6. These blades are connected to the blade clasps with keeping bolts and these are connected to the hub and this hub is positioned on the terminal of the mast which is bolted with Jesus nut. And the hub and blade clasp together are controlled by control tubing which is connected the interior ring of the swash home base and these controlled tubing aid the blades to alter the angle of the blades. These control tubing is connected to the blade clasp with pitch alteration horn. The rotor blade has a taking border which is frontward confronting border of the rotor blade and tracking border which is confronting border of the rotor blade and chord which is the distance from taking border to the draging border of the rotor blade. The parts of rotor are Root Blade Grips Hub Control tubings Pitch Change Horn Jesus Nut Retnetion Thunderbolts Trunnion The different types of rotor systems are mentioned below Fully articulated: – In this rotor system, each rotor blade is attached to the rotor hub through a series of flexible joints, which allow the blade to travel independently of the others. These rotor systems normally have three or more blades. The blades are allowed to roll, feather, and lead or slowdown independently of each other. The horizontal flexible joint, called the flutter flexible joint, allows the blade to up and down. This motion is called the flutter and is designed to counterbalance for asymmetry of lift. The flapping flexible joint may be located at changing distance from the rotor hub, and there may be more than one flexible joint. Vertical flexible joint, called the lead-lag or retarding force flexible joint, allows the blade to travel back and Forth. This motion is called lead-lag, dragging, or runing. Dampers are normally used to forestall extra back and forth motion around the retarding force flexible joint. The intent of the retarding force flexible joint and dampers is to counterbalance for the acceleration and slowing caused by coriolis consequence. Each blade can besides be feathered that is rotated its spanwise axis. Feathering the blade means altering the pitch angle of the blade. By altering the pitch angle of the blades the push and way of the chief rotor phonograph record can be controlled. Rigid/ hingeless: – They are used to convey simpleness to the choppers. In a stiff rotor system the blades, hub, and mast are stiff with regard to each other. There are no flexible joints to rolling or lead/drag, but they can be feathering. The tonss are absorbed by flexing instead than flexible joints as in to the full articulated. This is the ground it has less lag due to less oscillation. Semi rigid: – It produces two different motions, rolling and feathering. This System is usually composed of two blades, which are stiffly attached to the rotor hub. The hub is so attached to the rotor mast by trunnion bearing or seesawing flexible joint and is free to lean with regard to the chief rotor shaft. This allows the blades to see-saw or flap together. One blade flaps up and the other flaps down. There are seesawing flexible joint and feathering flexible joint which accomplish the Centre of gravitation of the both blades so that the blade does non speed up as it flap up and slow as it flaps down and feathering is accomplished the later one which changes the pitch angle of the blade. These semi-regid rotors are vulnerable to a status known as mast Bumping, this is usually encountered during low-G manoeuvres and can do the rotor flap stops to shear the mast. Anti-torque rotor: – Tail rotor: – It is a smaller rotor mounted at the terminal of tail of a traditional single-rotor chopper. It rotates vertically or near-vertically and it is positioned in such a manner that Centre of gravitation allow it to develop thrust antonym to the chief rotor rotary motion to equilibrate the torsion created by the chief rotor. They require merely corporate alterations in pitch to change push and the pitch is adjustable by the anti-torque pedals which besides provide the way required for the chopper. Tip jet rotor: – It is used for individual chief rotor constellation where the chief rotor is non driven by the mast but from noses on the rotor blade tips, which are either pressurized from a fuselage-mounted gas turbine or have their ain pushers ( fanjet, atherodyde or projectile pushers ) . Double rotors: – It consists of brace or more of big horizontal rotors turning in opposite waies to antagonize the effects of torsion on the aircraft without trusting on an antitorque tail rotor. It helps to use the power which is applied on the tail rotor to use the same power on the chief rotor which increases the aircraft lifting capacity. They are four types of double rotors, they are: – ( a ) Tandem: – Rotors are two rotors with one mounted behind the other. The pitch attitude alterations to speed up and slow the chopper and the procedure are called differential corporate pitch. To flip forward and accelerate, the rear rotor additions corporate pitch, raising the tail and the front rotor decreases corporate, at the same time dunking the olfactory organ. To flip upward while slowing or traveling back the forepart rotor increases the corporate pitch to the rise the nose and rear rotor decreases corporate pitch to take down the tail. To swivel right, the forepart rotor jousts right and the rear rotor to go forth and to swivel left the front rotor jousts left and the rear rotor jousts right. ( B ) Coaxial: – Rotors are two rotors that are mounted one above the other with the same shaft and turning in opposite way. The advantage of the coaxal rotor is that in forward flight, the lift provided by the progressing halves of each rotor compensated for withdrawing half of the other. There is an increases mechanical complexness of rotor system and swashplates ( degree Celsius ) Intermeshing: – Rotors are two rotors that are mounted near to each other at a sufficient angle to let the rotor to intermesh over the top of the aircraft. They have high stableness and powerful lifting capableness. ( vitamin D ) Transverse: – Pair of the rotors is mounted at each terminal of wing-type constructions or outriggers, perpendicular to the organic structure of the aircraft. They besides use corporate pitch and alter the axial rotation attitude of the rotorcraft. ( Viii ) Notor: -No Tail RotorSwash home bases: –It is a device that translated engine power via the choppers controls and levers into gesture of the chief rotor blades. And these bids are transmitted from non-rotating fuselage to the revolving rotor hub and chief blades. The stationary outer ring is mounted on the chief rotor mast and is connected to the cyclic and corporate controls by a series of pushrods. The rotating inner ring is mounted to the stationary outer ring by agencies of bearings and is allowed to revolve with the chief rotor mast. An anti-rotation nexus prevents the interior ring to from revolving independently of the blades, in response apply torsion to the actuators. The outer pealing typically has an anti-rotation skidder to forestall it from revolving. So this helps both the ring or swash home bases to move as one unit to execute their actions. The revolving swash is connected to the pitch horns by pitch links. The alternate mechanics to the stationary outer ring are the hexapod and the cosmopolitan articulation. Partss of the swash home base are Non-rotating outer ring Turning interior ring Ball joint Control ( Pitch ) forestalling turning of outer ring Control ( axial rotation ) Linkages to the rotor blade Linkages that make the interior ring bend Pitch: –Cockpit: –It consists of the four flight controls and other electronic instruments. They are ( I ) The cyclic: – Cyclic controls are used to alter choppers way. As the stick is leaned over in any way, so the angle of the home base alterations really somewhat. This alteration of angle corresponds straight to what is go oning to the rotor phonograph record at the same clip. I.e. the side of the home base that is higher represents the side of the rotor phonograph record bring forthing more lift. ( two ) The collective: – To command the corporate pitch of the chief rotor blades, the full swash home bases must be moved up or down along its axis without altering the orientation of the cyclic controls. Conventionally, the full swash home base is moved along the chief shaft by a separate actuator. Now yearss the mutualist actuators that can each travel the full swash home base that is nil but corporate pitch commixture. Actuator: – ( three ) The anti-torque pedals: – Increasing the pitch angle of the tail rotor blades will increase the push, which in bend will force the chopper unit of ammunition in the same way as the chief rotor blades. Decreasing the pitch angle decreases the sum of push and so the natural torsion takes over, allowing the chopper rotate in the opposite way to the chief rotors. ( four ) The accelerator: – It is a twist-grip on the terminal of the corporate lever and is linked straight to the motion of the lever so that engine RPM is ever correct at any given corporate scene. Because the cyclic and corporate pitch control determines the motion of the chopper, the engine RPM does non necessitate to be adjusted. ( Which is to done in aeroplane engine ) ? So during normal winging changeless engine velocity is maintained and the pilot merely needs to ticket tune the throttle scenes when necessary. There is nevertheless, a direct correlativity between engine power and swerve control in a chopper. For illustration faster whirling chief rotor blades generate more torsion, so greater pitch is needed in the tail rotor blades to bring forth more push. ( V ) Instrument panels consists of ( I ) Landing visible radiations ( a ) Skid visible radiation: – It is attached to the left forward crosstube and it is adjusted from the lift of the land. The on-off switch is located on pilots window sill. ( B ) Search visible radiation: – It is retractable pilot controlled hunt visible radiation which is either a white or IR light depending on the mission demand and the switch is of 3-position switch ( ON-OFF-STOW ) and it has control switch ( â€Å" Chinese hat † ) which extends, retracts and moves light left or right ( two ) Warning visible radiations ( a ) Clasp ( B ) Mr temp ( degree Celsius ) Mr bit ( vitamin D ) Starter on ( vitamin E ) Tail rotor bit ( degree Fahrenheit ) Low fuel ( g ) Low revolutions per minute ( three ) Flight, safety Instruments: – ( a ) Vertical Speed Indicator: – This is a force per unit area sensitive instrument, which indicates the rate at which the chopper is mounting or falling in pess per minute. ( B ) Air Speed Indicator: – This instrument indicates the velocity of the chopper through the air in which it is winging. It relates merely indirectly to the velocity of the chopper over the land. It may bespeak velocity in stat mis per hour/knots. ( degree Celsius ) Outside Air Temperature Guage: – This is non a flight instrument, but is a flight safety instrument. As it gives the information of frosting conditions to the pilot. It registers air temperature both in Celsius and Fahrenheit. ( vitamin D ) Altimeter: – This is pressure sensitive instrument which shows the height at which the chopper is winging. The customary process is to put the instrument so that it indicates height above the sea degree. When used this manner the indicant on the altimeter will be that of the lift of the airdrome when the chopper is on the land. ( vitamin E ) Machmeter: – It shows the ratio of true airspeed in relation to the velocity of the sound ( degree Fahrenheit ) Course Deviation Indicator: – It is avionics instrument used to find the sidelong place in relation to a path, which can be provided by an instrument set downing system or VOR. It can be integrated with the heading index in horizontal state of affairs index. ( g ) Radio Magnetic Indicator: – It consists of one acerate leaf ; a typical RMI has two, twosome to different ADF receiving systems, leting for place repairing utilizing one instrument. ADF is nil but automatic way finder which is coupled with RMI and provides bearing for a tuned Non-derectional beacon. ( H ) Magnetic Compass: – This is the basic mention for heading information. The compass rectification card indicates the corrected header to maneuver to let for compass divergence ( I ) Turn cordinator and slip index: – The operation of it is same as the bend and bank index. ( J ) Heading Index: – It is besides called gyroscopic instrument, it is used to supply stable directional mention, and unlike the compass is comparatively free from mistakes during bends, acceleration, and slowing in normal flight manoeuvers. It does non hold any magnetic qualities therefore it must be set sporadically with mention to the magnetic compass. ( K ) Attitude Indicator: – This is besides gyroscopic instrument. It provides the pilot with an unreal skyline, which together with a illumination aircraft superimposed on its face enables the pilot to find the aircrafts attitude relation to the existent skyline. ( cubic decimeter ) Turn and Bank Indicator: – The needle part of this instrument indicates whether the chopper is turning, together with the way and rate of bend. The ball part of the instrument is basically a mention for coordination of controls. In co-ordinate flight the ball will be centered in its curving glass tubing. ( m ) Cockpit Indicator: – These are driven by a gyrosyn compass system Fixed-card instruments: – Traveling card indexs: – Horizontal state of affairs index: – Gyrosyn compass: – It has a remotely located unit feeling the earths magnetic field. It incorporates a gyroscope to supply stableness. Electrical power is required for its operation. Basic constituents are Distant compass sender: – It is pendulously suspended within a certain bowl and maintains a horizontal plane within a pitch attitude of +30 grade. . It senses the earth magnetic field and reduces the aircraft magnetic perturbations. Gyroscope: – The rule of rigidness in infinite is applied to retain a fixed place during any aircraft turns. Turning gesture of the aircraft about the gyro is so electrically relayed to the header index. Erection mechanism: – An hard-on torsion motor is used to maintain the gyro spin axis in a horizontal plane Amplifier: – It is the coordination and distribution centre for all system electrical signals. Remote compass sender signals arc stage detected to decide for the 180-degree ambiguity and discharge sent to the break one's backing torsion motor to maintain the gyro spins axis aligned with magnetic north-south. ( four ) Engine Instruments ( a ) Double Tachometer: – This instrument indicates the figure of revolutions per minute ( RPM ) that of both engine ( ERPM ) and the rotor blades ( RRPM ) are doing. A detached acerate leaf is provided for each. In powered flight the acerate leafs are combined or joined. In autoratation the acerate leafs are split. ( B ) Manifold Guage: – This instrument is calibrated in inches of quicksilver and indicated the force per unit area in the consumption manifold of the engine. Nothing but he sum of work the engine is making the higher the force per unit area the more work the engine is making and frailty versa. This is merely positioned on piston-engine choppers ( degree Celsius ) Torque metre: – This is same as the multiplex force per unit area guage and it is positioned on turbine-engine choppers. VOR: – It stands for Very High Frequency omni-derectional scope station/navigation system. The vor consists of two parts the land station which send the wireless signals and the receiving system in the aircraft with index which shows way of the chopper its moving. Main end is to demo the pilot on which spoke, of the wheel, he is winging and which way.Gear boxesPressure from the combined hydraulic systems powers the flap thrust motor and gear box assembly. And these semi-independent flap and slat systems rise and lower utilizing hydraulic motors, drive units, torsion tubings, and screw jack-type actuators. If the combined system fails, a hydraulic brake locks the hydraulic motor, and an exigency electric motor provides continued operation. Flap thrust gear boxs, through a series of torque tubings and countervail gear boxs, drive all eight flap actuators. The flap actuators drive the passenger car and attaching flaps out and down. The parts are Actuators: – . It is used to use a force. It is a mechanical device that takes energy, normally created by air, electricity or liquid and converts into gesture. The gesture can be barricading, clamping and chuck outing. Types of actuators Linear actuators: – They have an end product rod that provides additive gesture via a motor driven ball prison guard, lead prison guard, or ACME screw assembly. Hydraulic Rotary actuators: – They use a pressurized, incompressible fluid to revolve mechanical constituents. Hydraulic additive actuators: – They use a cylinder and hydraulic fluid for motor force. The force applied at one point is transitted to another point utilizing an incompressible fluid. Electric rotary actuators: – They drive constituents rotationally via electromagnetic power from a motor. They typically provide control and indexing capablenesss to let multiple places stops along shots. Pneumatic rotary actuators: – They use pressurized air to revolve mechanical constituents. Types of pneumatic actuators are Individual rack-and-pinion: – They drive racks a individual rack that rotates the pinion. Double/four Piston rack- and – pinion: – They drive racks on both sides of the pinion. Screw jack-type actuators: – Hydraulic cylinders: – They are actuation devices that utilize pressurized hydraulic fluid to bring forth additive gesture and force. Electrohydraulic cylinders: – These are propulsion devices that use pressurized hydraulic fluid to bring forth additive gesture and force. These are combination of unstable power constituents, valves, and electronic controls such as a transducer to supply rod place. Valves actuators: – These are mounted on valves which, in response to a signal, automatically travel to a desired place utilizing an outside power beginning. Hydraulic valves: – It transfers the flow and force per unit area of hydraulic fluid in hydraulic power systems. Types of hydraulic valves are Angle: -admit media at an angle and license upper limit flow Ball: – They provide tight shut-off and dependable control Block: -They use little port to depressurise the infinite between the recess and mercantile establishment. Bleed: – Lapp as block valves Check: – They prevent flow reversal Control: – They modify unstable flow. Cartridge: – Directional: – They steer process media through selected Passages Drain: – They are used to take excess fluid from a system or container Acerate leaf: – They have a slender, tapered point at the terminal of a valve root. Poppet: -They unfastened and close ports with a sealing device that includes a disc, cone, or sphere. Pressure alleviation: – They remove extra upstream force per unit area Safety: – They contain a thermic detection constituent that opens or closes outlet force per unit area. Shutoff: -They close a line to halt flow when a pre-set status occurs. Solenoid Bobbin: – They are actuated by a rotary or piston-like bobbin that slides back and Forth to cover and uncover ports in lodging Stack: -They are created to make a valve block. Pneumatic valves: – These actuators adjust valve place by change overing air force per unit area into additive or rotary gesture. Electric valve actuators: – These valves which move automatically in response to a signal to desired place utilizing an outside power beginning. Hydraulic hosiery: – It is specifically designed to convey hydraulic fluid to or among hydraulic constituents, valves, actuators, and tools. There are assorted building options for hydraulic hose include reinforced, coiled, corrugated/convoluted, articulated, and multi-element. Hydraulic oils and transmittal fluids: – These are used to convey power in hydraulic equipment and power transmittal applications. Hydraulic fluids transmit power/pressure genenerated by a pump through hydraulic lines to a cylinder or actuator. Transmission fluids lubricate gear box assemblies where power is transmitted from an engine to a thrust axle. Torque tubings: – It uses C fibre tubing or wire thrust mounted on the interior of the tail roar with gear sets on each terminal to drive the tail rotor. Torque tubes generate less retarding force on the motor than a belt and are more lasting in normal operation. A torsion tubing system is less tolerant of roar stikes or anything that stops the tail rotor from whirling, and tends to deprive cogwheels in a clang. Drive units: – Flying flaps: – They are movable portion of the wing, usually hinged to draging border of the wings. As they are extended the velocity of the aircraft is reduced and can wing at lower velocities, it besides helps in lessening in aircraft pitch angle. This provides the pilot greater position over the olfactory organ of the aircraft and allows a better position for landing. Types of flaps are Krueger/Hinged: – It is on the taking border besides called as sag Plain: Rotates on a simple flexible joint Split: – There are two separate surfaces upper and lower. The upper moves slightly/immobile and the lower operates like a field flap. Gurney: – It is a little level check projecting from the draging border of a wing. It is set at a right angle to the force per unit area side surface of the aerofoil, and undertakings of the wing chord. It operates by increasing the force per unit area on one side and diminishing the other side. Dent: – It rotates rearward and downwards about an fanciful axis below the wing, increases flying country and chord without set uping trim. It may be of cylindrical or conelike airfoil subdivision. Fowler: – It slides backwards before hinging downwards, thereby increasing both camber and chord, making a larger flying surface better tuned for lower velocities, it besides provides some slot consequence. Youngman: – It moves bodily down before traveling aft and rotating. Slotted: – There is a gap/slot between the flap and the wing enables high force per unit area air flow below the wing to re-energize the boundary bed over the flap. This helps the air flow to remain attached to the flap, detaining the stall. Blown: – They blow engine air over the upper surfaces of the flap at certain angles to better lift features. 45Degree/Intermediate Gear box: – It is situated between the tail roar and five. Transportations power up the perpendicular five to the 90 grade gear box. 90Degree/Tail Gear box: – It is situated near the tail. It gets the power from the 45 grade gear box to the tailrotor. Landing cogwheel: – It consists two aluminium cross tubings and skids, to minimise skid wear the skid have steel skid places and fiberglass fairings can be attached to the cross tubings for aerodynamic intents and the breadth can be 7feet. Two land managing gear wheel assemblies may be attached to for good installed adjustments on the skid cogwheel to ease land handling. Tail Skid: – A cannular steel tail skid is installed on the aft terminal of the tail roar. The skid act as a warning to the pilot upon an accidental tail-low landing and AIDSs to forestall tail rotor from harm.Engine: –Engine parts: – Piper spares: – Tube: – Hosiery: – Clamps: – Cylinder hold-down nuts and prison guards: – Self-locking nuts: – Types of engines: – Shaft engines: – Internal burning engines: – Piston engine: – They are largely used for little propellor aircraft because they consume comparatively minor portion of fuel. Wankel engine: – Turbines: – Propjet: – The propellor is supported by engine, and the engine is bolted to the airframe. They feature a gear box to lower velocity of the shaft so that the propellor tips do n't make supersonic velocity. Often the turbines which drive the propellor are separate from the remainder of the rotating constituents so that they are free to revolve at their ain velocity. Advantage: – High power, and low care. It is efficient when operated in sail velocities Disadvantage: – Turboshaft: – It is same as that of turbopop. It does non supply any direct physical support to the rotors. The rotors are connected to a transmittal, which itself is bolted to the airframe, the engine feeds the transmittal via a rotating shaft. Advatages: – Large sum of power and a low weight punishment. External burning engines: – Steam-powered: – In-line engine: – If the engine crankshaft is located above the cylinders, it is called and inverted inline engine. In this engine the cylinders are lined up in one row and the cylinders will be of even Numberss, but there are cases of three and five cylinders. Advantages: – It allows the aircraft to be designed with a narrow frontal country for low retarding force Disadvantages: – They are heavy Rotary engine: – The crankshaft is bolted to the airframe, and the propellor is bolted to the engine instance. They have all the cylinders in a circle around the crankcase. Advantages: – It was light weight, powerful, inexpensive Disadvantages: – Consumed big sums of Castor oil and heavy rotating engine made it really hard to wing. V-type engine: – In this the cylinders are arranged in two in-line Bankss, tilted 30-60 grades apart from each other. Advantages: – Higher power-to-weight ration and supplying little frontal country. Disadvatages: – Radial engine: – This has one or more rows of cylinder arranged in ac circle around a centrally located crankcase. They have uneven figure of cylinders. Advatanges: – They are besides favourable power to burden ratio, and the radials tend to chill equally and runs swimmingly. Disadvantages: – Serious harm due to hydrostatic lock Opposed engine: – They have two Bankss of cylinders on opposite sides centrally placed crankcase. Advatages: – No jobs of hydrostatic lock, they run swimmingly. Disadvatages: – Chemical reaction engines: – Turbines: – Fanjet: – Turbofan/Jet engines: – The highest part of air power fuel is consumed by big aircraft with big engines. Rocket-powered: – Motorjet: – Pulsejet: – Ramjet: – Scramjet: – Cooling: – It is needed to chill the engines and to maintain the temperatures of the engine low to last. There are two types used for chilling they are Liquid chilling: – They use circulation pump to chill. They use a mixture of H2O and chemicals such as coolant and rust inhibitors. Propylene ethanediol, ethylene glycol combination of the old and H2O are used as coolant. In liquid chilling there are 4 types of system. Closed Ic engine chilling system Open Ic engine chilling system Open Ic engine with thermic energy recovery Semiclosed Ic engine chilling system Advantages: – Low emanations, low noise Large liquid-cooled engines can be built ( 107000hp ) Disadvantages: – The coolant is renewed sporadically. They cause engine harm due to stop dead at ordinary temperatures Air chilling: – It is used to vary chilling so the engine is neither excessively hot nor excessively cold. It regulates adjustable baffles in the air flow, a fan which operates either independently of the engine such as an electric fan, which has adjustable clasp, thermostatic valve or thermoregulator that can be used to barricade the coolant flow when excessively cool. The motor, coolant, and the heat money changer have some heat capacity which used to smooth out temperature additions in short dashs. Advantages: – Reliable even in utmost heat, less maintence cost, high emanations and high noise No engine harm from stop deading and do n't necessitate any coolant service Disadvantages: – Rapid wear, Expensive, Hot musca volitanss are hard to avoid. ` Merely little air-cooled engines can be build. ( 500kw ) Frost: – It causes to halt the operation of the parts and halt their operation. Airframe frost: – It is caused by seeable wet and temperatures conducive to it. As the aerofoil moves through the air, the venture consequence that creates lift besides cools the air as it flows over the aerofoil and signifiers wet and you have ice, even wet besides adds the chilling consequence. Icing is formed on the rotor blade is non seeable and besides on the windscreen Initiation frost: – It is build when the air consumptions ices over, or stop up up with ice that has built up on the surface similar to airframe frost. The status are same as the airframe. Carburetor frost: – It is caused on the carburettor. As the air passes through the venture, the wet contained in the air condenses on the interior of the carburettor in the country of the throttle home base. Besides as this air passes through the Venturi it is cooled enormously particularly as the fuel is introduced into the flow. Once the temperature inside the carburettor drops to stop dead, ice Begins to roll up. Manifold: – It is mounted transversally with airfoiled form and filled with the anti-icing/deicing fluid which causes unstable droplets to organize along the rear border of the manifold and to so drop downwards by gravitation and it is caused from little separated gaps, instead than spray externally. Fuel armored combat vehicles and cells: – It is used to hive away the fuel which is propelled by fuel pump or released by pressurized gas into engine. It is a safe container for flammable liquids. The stuff used in building is high-density polythene, metal which is of steel or aluminium. Types of fuel armored combat vehicles are Built-in: – These armored combat vehicles are inside the aircraft construction that has been sealed to let fuel storage. They are used to hive away fuel in the wings and tail of aeroplane. They are used in big aircraft. Rigid removable: – They are installed in a compartment designed to suit the armored combat vehicle. They are used in little aircraft. They are constructed with metal and they may be removed for review, replacing, or fix. Bladder: – These are reinforced rubberized bags installed in a subdivision of aircraft construction designed to suit the weight of the fuel. It is rolled up and installed into the compartment through the fuel filler cervix or entree panel, and is secured by agencies of metal buttons or catchs inside the compartment. Self-sealing fuel armored combat vehicles: – It automatically seals little holes or harm caused during combat operations. It is non a slug cogent evidence, simply puncture sealing.The natural stickness of gum elastic and the basic qualities of gum elastic and crude oil seal the hole. Fuel Cells: – It is an electrochemical cell that converts a beginning fuel into electric current. It generates electricity inside a cell through reactions between a fuel and an oxidizer, triggered in the presence of an electrolyte. The reactants flow into the cell and the reaction merchandises flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. It can run continuously every bit long as the necessary reactant and oxidant flows are maintained. Drag: – It is simple force that opposes the gesture of an aircraft through the air. The other retarding forces produced by it are Entire retarding force: – It is the amount of the all retarding forces. The best-rate-of-climb velocity, minimal rate-of-decent velocity for autorotation, and maximal endurance velocity is attained which has low retarding force which is produced by airspeed. Profile retarding force: – It is formed from frictional opposition of the blades go throughing through the air. It increases with the airspeed. Induced retarding force: – It is formed from the higher angle of onslaught. In rotary-wing the retarding force is decreases with the increased velocity. Parasite retarding force: – It is formed from the nonlifting parts such as fuselage, cockpit, engine hoods, rotor hub, and set downing cogwheel, and tail roar. It increases with airspeed. Fairing: – It is a construction whose primary map is to bring forth a smooth lineation and cut down retarding force Types of Fairing Hood: – It is the covering of a chopper engine. It used to cut down the retarding force, air consumption for jet engines and for chilling by directing air flow. Tail cones: – To cut down the signifier retarding force of the fuselage, by retrieving the force per unit area behind it. For the design velocity they add no clash retarding force. Wheel bloomerss: – It is besides called as velocity fairings. They besides have the Important map of forestalling clay and rocks from being thrown upwards against the wings or fuselage, or into the propellor on a thruster trade. Flying roots: – To cut down intervention retarding force. It is on the top and below the wing which has a rounded border to cut down the surface and such clash retarding force. At the taking and draging border it consists of much larger taper, high force per unit area and low force per unit area on top of the wing and around the fuselage and smooths out the force per unit area differences. Flying tips: – They have complex form to cut down vortex coevals and so besides drag, particularly at low velocity. Fin and rudder tips: – To cut down turbulency at the tip Elevator and horizontal stabilizer tips: – To smooth air flow at the tips Strut-to-wing and strut-to-fuselage: – To cut down retarding force at these junctions Fixed set downing gear junctions: – To cut down retarding force at these junction Flap path fairings: – It is the cross-sectional country which changes swimmingly along the length of the aircraft. Smooth cods are placed on the tracking borders of the wings and are called anti-shocking organic structures, carrots, flap path fairings Body: – Tail roar: – It is attached to fuselage by four big bolts, supports the tail rotor, five, and synchronized lifts. It is tapering semi-monoque construction. It consist of Honeycomb panels: – These panels are used to insulate the aircraft from fire incursion. They are fabricated from a low modulus, carbon/phenolic honeycomb and thin, low modulus, pitch based carbon/phenolic face sheets. These panels were so processed into high thermic conduction, high modulus carbon-carbon composite constructions. And these are used alternatively of extra protection to wiring etc which cause more cost and weight. Longerons: – It is a thin strip of wood, metal or C fibre, to which the tegument of the aircraft is fastened. They are besides called frames in the instance of the fuselage, or ribs in the instance of a wing. If the longitudinal members in a fuselage are few in figure ( 4 to 8 ) so they are called longerons. They are closely spaced ( every 4to 6 in/10 to 15 centimeter ) . These are of larger cross-section when compared to stringers. They carry larger tonss, and they are attached to frames or ribs. Stingers: – If the longitudinal members are legion ( 50 to 100 ) so they are called stingers. In this system the longitudinal members are smaller and the frames are spaced farther apart ( 15 to 20 in/38 to 51 centimeter ) . They are non attached to anything but tegument. They are more weight efficient, more complex to build and analyse. House tail rotor thrust shaft: – Provides power to the tailrotor from the transmittal. Electrical equipment: – Tow blower: – It is used to supply forced air airing. Synchronized lifts: – It is located near the aft terminal of the tail roar and is connected by control tubings, bellcranks and mechanical linkage to the bow and aft cyclic control system. Fore and aft motion of the cyclic control stick produces a alteration in the synchronised lift attitude, therefore increasing controllability of the chopper Five: – Holds the tailrotor and provides sidelong stabilisation. Fuselage: – It is the chief organic structure subdivision that holds crew and riders. In single-engine aircraft it will normally incorporate an engine, although in some amphibian aircraft the individual engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage which in bend is used as a drifting hull. It is besides used to stableness of the aircraft and manoeuvrability.Rain Removal systems: –( I ) Shutoff valve: – Switch over to command valve on ECS panel, 28-VDC incidental coach. ( two ) Thermo switch: – Located in windscreen and controls air blending valve to keep temperature on windscreen of 100 _+50F ( 38+-30 ) to 125 _+50F ( 52+_30 ) . ( three ) Air mixing/clearing valve: – Electronically/thermally controlled and pneumatically operated to keep proper temperature of air to forestall windshield harm. ( four ) Duct: – Screened recess on left side of olfactory organ for ambient air entryway to air mixing/clearing valve. ( V ) Drain valve: – Low point in system to run out condensation when system is away. Operates automatically.Wire work stoppage protection system: –It is designed to protect the choppers from wire abstructions at low degrees of flight. It consists of ( I ) Window channel: – ( two ) Stonecutter assembly Upper cutter: – It is mounted on top of the pilot station, forward of the ADF cringle aerial. Lower cutter: – It is mounted on the forward fuselage, under the ammo compartment. Chin cutter: – It is mounted under the nose, merely forward of the artilleryman station. ( three ) Nose deflector: – Composite stuff: – Composite stuff is of two types they are Glass fiber reinforced plastics: – It consists of glass fibers dispersed within a polymeric matrix, which is used to adhere the fibers together, leting any external emphasiss to be conveyed and distributed to fibers and being malleable, comparatively soft and with a high malleability, and besides used to forestall cleft extension between fibers. The belongingss are dependent on the fibre way and such sheets are anisotropic. Anisotropic is nil but material physical belongingss. Advantages: – Lightness, bargain rate and more strength Their chemical inertness besides make them extremely desirable for usage in rotor blades Disadvantages: – They lack stiffness Carbon fiber reinforced plastics: – These fibers are manufactured from polyacrylonitrile ( PAN ) , pitch and rayon and as a consequence they have the highest specific modulus of all reenforcing fibre stuffs. Specific modulus is nil but it gives an indicant of a stuff ‘s stiffness for a given mass or denseness of the stuff. A high stiffness/low denseness is really desirable in aerospace applications, for weight economy. These composite stuffs are used because they have good strength-to-density rations which are four or six times greater than steel or aluminum. And besides lighter than metals, easy to joined with adhesives, simplifying assembly. And these are used in creative activity of blades which are other than subjected to highly rough conditions. The conditions are both operational and environmental. Rotational tip speeds of about 200 m/s, and rolling during flight, are coupled with extreme in both humidness and temperature. The latter can change from -400c to +900c. So, the complexs can be made to carry through these belongings demands

Ops 571 Statistical Process Control

Chase, Jacobs and Aquilano pose questions such as, â€Å"How many paint defects are there in the finish of a car? [and] Have we improved our painting process by installing a new sprayer? † These questions are meant to investigate and apply different techniques that we can use to improve the quality of life. Quality control not only applies to manufacturing techniques, it can also be applied to everyday life. This discussion will focus on a specific method of quality control called statistical process control that will ensure my morning process is effective.One method of quality control can be pursued through process control procedures like statistical process control or SPC. SPC â€Å"involves testing a random sample of output from a process to determine whether the process is producing items within a preselected range†. (Chase, Jacobs & Aquilano, 354) SPC is a method that can be applied to a process in order to monitor or control that process. In week one, I described a personal process of waking up in the morning through to going to work.In addition to my process, I presented several bottlenecks that can slow my process down including the ability of my alarm clock working, weather impact on travel time, and availability of gym equipment. In the examples below, I will focus on how alarm failures have affected my morning process. SPC has shown how statistical data can be charted in order to see how my morning process is affected by my bottlenecks and whether or not it is a positive. Goods or services are observed not as variables but as attributes. Attributes are quality characteristics that are classified as either conforming or not conforming to specification. † (Chase, Jacobs & Anquilano, 354) In example one, a sample was taken 10 times over a 30 day period in which alarm failures were observed. In order to create a visual representation of the statistics, we must combine the data from the sample. Once the data is gathered, we can provide a solution to create a control chart. Control charts are used as a â€Å"component of total quality [in order to] monitor processes†. Green, Toms, Stinson, 37) First, we calculate the fraction of defective alarms from the sample in order to gain a total and a centerline for our graph. p = Total number of defects from all samples/Number of samples ? Sample size p = 25/ 10 ? 30 = . 08333 Next, we can calculate the standard deviation. Sp = vp (1 – p)/ n Sp = v . 08333 (1 – . 08333) / 30 = . 05050 Example 1Sample| Number of Days| Days Alarm Failed to Work| Fraction Defective| 1| 30| 2| . 06667| 2| 30| 2| . 06667| 3| 30| 3| . 10000| 4| 30| 3| . 10000| 5| 30| 2| . 06667| 6| 30| 4| . 13333| 7| 30| 3| . 10000| 8| 30| 2| . 06667| 9| 30| 2| . 6667| 10| 30| 2| . 06667| Total| 300| 25| . 08333| Sample Standard Deviation| . 05050| | | Finally, the control limits are used to measure attributes with a single decision of yes or no, good or bad, and positive or negative. This s imple decision can be translated into a graph with upper and lower control limits. If the sample is plotted and stays in between the limits, then the sample is considered good or working properly. â€Å"Should a sample mean or proportion fall outside the control limits or a series of mean or proportions exhibit a non-random pattern the process is deemed out-of-control. (Green, Toms, Stinson, 37) In order to turn the chart into a graph, we will need to calculate the upper control limits (UCL), the lower control limits (LCL) and z. â€Å"†¦z is the number of standard deviations for a specific confidence†. In this example, we will use the †z-value of 3 in order to represent a 99. 7% confidence† (Chase, Jacobs, & Anquilano, 356). This means that when that the confidence interval â€Å"falls outside the control limits, there is a 99. 7% chance that there is something wrong with the process that must be corrected†. Green, Toms, Stinson, 37) Though not perfe ct, a confidence of 99. 7% is useful. The SPC must also take into consideration the number of data points as well. The more data that is available the stronger your confidence intervals are. UCL = p + z Sp UCL = p + 3Sp UCL = . 08333 + 3(. 05050) = . 23483 LCL = p – z Sp LCL = p – 3Sp LCL = . 08333 ? 3(. 05050) = -. 06817 In the control chart, the data from the sample stays in between the controls. This means that my process in the morning is working properly and is effective.Now, it is important to look to the future trends in order to predict seasonal factors. â€Å"A seasonal factor is the amount of correction needed in a time series to adjust for the season of the year. † (Chase, Jacobs & Anquilano, 533) Seasonal factors may affect the samples by taking into consideration factor based on seasons or time periods. The alarm clock that is used to wake me up in the morning is not dependent on any factors of time or season. Statistical process control is one way to control quality and make sure goals are attained.Statistical methods show that the samples taken can create visual representations that conclude my alarm clock is an effective method to starting my morning process. This ensures that it is operating at its fullest potential. REFERENCES Chase, R. B. , Jacobs, F. R. , Aquilano, N. J. Operations management for competitive advantage (11th ed). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Green Jr. K, Toms L, Stinson T. STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL APPLIED WITHIN AN EDUCATION SERVICES ENVIRONMENT. Academy Of Educational Leadership Journal [serial online]. June 2012;16 (2):33-46.

Management effective worplace relationship Essay

Management effective worplace relationship - Essay Example This can lead to the third step in the relationship of mutual respect. A respecting relationship demands each person to contribute enough respect that it can be reciprocated back from the other person. Jose lack the skills of communication and hence his collogues don’t have real understanding and mutual respect. Unilateral respect in relationships is temporary and superficial. Mutual respect that can lead to trust is much deeper and must come from communicated understanding. Once a relationship has experienced mutual respect it is possible for the participants to experience enduring relational trust. This is a feeling that binds people together over time and through trials. The absence of trust causes confusion, worry, inaction and fear (Buzzle.com, 2006). Ans 2. Many of the problems that occur in an organization are the direct result of people failing to communicate. It leads to confusion and can cause a good plan to fail. Communication is one of the most key elements of leadership. Good communication skills need to be learned to effectively become a good leader or manager. When communication occurs, it becomes easy to accurately convey relevant operational information and thoughts to the team members. In this case Jose withheld some information and delayed giving other information to Jacinta and Toby because he thought that if the complete information is passed on he will not have any value. He lacked self confidence and lacked leadership skills. He also thought that by giving the information late (second day) he would be able to finish his part of work (all paper work), but he lacked the sense of proper time management. He should have thought that if he passes the information to Jacinta and Toby earlier than he does currently, simu ltaneously they could work and save a lot of time. When his team consists of people like

South circa 1900 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

South circa 1900 - Essay Example While slavery ended at the end of the century, segregation came in the dawn of the new century with the passage of the Segregation Law in 1880. The southern states, particularly Tennessee first passed the segregation law prohibiting the mingling of races in all public places particularly in public transportation. Another law was also passed which is the Disenfranchisement Law that deprived Afro Americans of their right to vote. The passage of the segregation law and disenfranchisement law meant the white and the black cannot be together on public places and public transportation. These oppressive laws were then implemented in various states and municipality mandating the segregation of the blacks and the whites not only on public transportation but also in other aspects of public life that include, schools, hospitals, parks, movie houses, hotels and even restrooms. Even courtrooms which are supposed to dispense justice were not spared as it was required to have separate bibles for a black and white witness. The separation of books was not only limited in theological scriptures but also on schoolbooks where the textbooks of the white and black students were stored in different warehouses. The famous anecdote about Rosa Parks not giving up her seat to a white passenger sprung up from the segregation law where a black person has to give up his or her seat to a white person (blacks and white in the early phase of the segregation law cannot be together in public transportation). The Disfranchisement Law as the name implies, remove the right of the Negro to exercise his civil liberty to vote by despite the guarantee of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. This was evident with the exclusion of the blacks from the list of those who can vote in 1870 and made it more difficult for blacks to vote (if they can) by passing the poll tax law. Ridiculous as it may sound but a literacy requirement was also enacted in 1890 that if a black person is allowed to vote, he or sh e must satisfy the â€Å"understanding clause† that they understood the constitution before the state registrar. Naturally, the determination of the black person’s fitness to vote became arbitrary that deprived many of them of their right to vote. Voting restrictions were also imposed to make it difficult for black people by stating deadlines of poll tax payment and voter registration unannounced. All of these were designed to make it difficult, if not impossible for a black person to vote. Many scholars, including Ayers are seeking the answer why was the law passed and many scholars contended that American society was not yet ready to accept the Negro as equals in all dimension of life that it was too radical an idea for a race that was once a slave to become an equal. Such, the separation between the two races, where the white can again impose its superiority among the blacks had to be imposed through the creation and passage of segregation and disenfranchisement law . Ayers however argued that while to some extent this could be true, there are several factors that led to the passage of these laws that shaped the socio-economic status of Afro-Americans in the 19th century. Ayers contended that the Jim Crow law was a result of various forces that include political, class, and psychological issues that was a byproduct of America’s industrialization. It could also be taken as an attempt to put the Negro in the south in his or her â€Å"

Overview and analysis of the energy generation industry in Uk Essay

Overview and analysis of the energy generation industry in Uk - Essay Example .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦3 GDP Contribution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Employment creation...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦14 Investment..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 The effects of government sustainability targets on Ecotricity business plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦15 The UK Energy Generation Industry is one of the core industries in the United Kingdom’s economy, owing to the fact that the industry does not only power the whole nation, but also determines the rate of earnings that the other industrial sectors in the economy produces (Willems and Morbee, 2008:17). Energy is the backbone of the manufacturing, transport and commercial industries, such that without efficient energy supply for these sectors, the economy would virtually grind to halt. The UK Energy Generation Industry accounted for 51.8% of the total industrial investment in the United Kingdom in 2010 (DECC, 2013:2). This underlines its major contribution to both the stability and productivity of the economy, not only in its capacity to generate revenues for the economy, but also in supporting the rest of the industries in the economy to maximize their productivity. This report seeks to analyze the structure of the industry, with a view to evaluate the reasons for the structure and the strategic decisions that are influenced by the structure of the industry, as well as the possible future structure of the industry. The other subject of this report will be the analysis of the contribution of the UK energy generation industry to the economy, especially as related to the value added by the industry to the country. Finally, the report will also assess the effects of government sustainability targets on the business plan of Ecotricity, as one of the

Video games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Video games - Essay Example 03 need for speed underground (Sewart, 2006), they game introduced car body customization in which the players could change the appearance of their cars based on their preferences. There have been several versions of the game each with its own unique upgrades; the most recent version is need for speed hot pursuit. This paper is going to focus on the more popular â€Å"most wanted† version which preceded latest one. The game is set in a fictitious city by the name Rosewood and its environs comprising the shorelines sprawling conurbation, and industrial complexes (Need for Speed, 2002). It commences with a pre-arranged story line in which the player enters the game at the bottom of a blacklist and has to make his way up to the top to earn respect rank and money. Other significant future include the fact that one makes money by earning a bounty which is the money rewarded for causing destruction and traffic offences wrecking police cars as well as winning races. In the game, one gets to pick the car of choice from a list of top of the range cars, nevertheless they have to earn their car by making enough virtual money to buy them or qualify to unlock them by winning specific races. The main skills tested in the game are the player’s ability to drive at high speeds and keep ahead of other drivers to win races, on uneven and confusing tracks often under a lot of pressure. This requires a great deal of practice since there are myriad challenges including police officers who arrest and reverse gains made by players by fining or impounding their cars. The game can be played on various platforms e.g. Mac ,windows or desktop or laptop, the player has to first install the game from a DVD (Cannot use CD as it is almost 4 gigabytes), they need a machine that has at least 1 Gb Ram and sufficient memory so as to launch and run the game smoothly (Ltucker, 2009). On the computer keyboard, the players have the option of customizing the customizing the keyboard but the default

Strategic management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Strategic management - Case Study Example Thirdly the financial strategy is also responsible for impressive performance. Due to the image created the company’s profits have risen drastically as well as stock prices which presents the company with a solid capital base. The location strategy is another strength at Starbucks that helps fuel the superior financial performance. The company’s sophisticated strategy of location informed by a thorough analysis of demographics has seen expand to prime locations locking out competition. In some instances even Starbucks’s stores are located on opposite ends of busy streets to get hold of the traffic going in either direction of the streets. A key resource at Starbucks is the people; on the background that employees who are motivated offer good service to customers, training is emphasized. They are also given a compensation package and benefits that are better compared to the industry averages. The company also owns its stores and sells its own coffee roasted in-house. Through careful analysis of demographics they are able to identify and locate their stores in prime areas locking competition. Through extensive training and emphasis on selling more than the coffee the company has developed a key competence of providing top class customer services through motivated employees. The company is also capable if attracting a lot of repeat customers with customers visiting the stores at an average of twenty times on a monthly basis. The net effect is that the company is able to rapidly grow and perform well in terms of finances. I think Starbucks preference of owning its stores is informed by its production strategy of selling its own products in a coffeehouse setting. It has also devoted a considerable attention to the design of stores so as to provide customers with an informal atmosphere of comfort and relaxation. It sells more than just the coffee and as such by owning its stores the company is able to influence a number of factors

Justice and policing in United Arab Emirates Research Paper

Justice and policing in United Arab Emirates - Research Paper Example A research conducted under Hauser Global Law School Program found out that, â€Å"although the core principles of law in the UAE are drawn from Sharia, most legislation is comprised of a mix of Islamic and European concepts of civil law, which have a common root in the Egyptian legal code established in the late 19th to 20th centuries.† The justice system of the UAE is straightforward and the security and integrity of this region is attributed to its strict laws and regulations that its citizens and visitors are bound to follow. The working of the justice system is different in the UAE from many other countries in a lot of ways. In general, the legal system of many countries is shaped by precedents but in the case of the UAE, each case is treated as a new case and analyzed according to its circumstances. Furthermore, it is noteworthy to mention here that the courts in the UAE conduct in Arabic language, so legal representation is required to be well versed in Arabic. Thus lang uage barrier can be an issue for someone who is not familiar with Arabic and this can be particularly a problem for foreigners who may be involved in civil or financial-related disputes in the UAE. The criminal court of the UAE deals with all kinds of minor offenses and heinous crimes. As the UAE is constituted by seven emirates and each emirate has its own criminal courts, therefore, the justice system is strongly interconnected throughout the UAE. The independence of Federal judiciary â€Å"is guaranteed by the constitution† and it comprises of the Supreme Court and the courts of First Instance.

Duke Energy Corporation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Duke Energy Corporation - Research Paper Example Wylie who was keen on extending his investment to include the general construction of some additional hydroelectric power plants approached and convinced James Buchanan Duke to buy a stake in the newly founded Southern Power Company that had been founded in 1905. Duke formed the Wateree Power in 1917 that helped serve as a holding company for a number of different utilities that were owned or had been founded by Duke, his associates and his family. The name of this company was eventually changed to Duke Power in 1924 and later on in the year 1927, most of the subsidiaries that were previously under the holding company were eventually merged into Duke Power (Scoggins and York County Regional Chamber of Commerce 78). The Growth of Duke Energy Currently, Duke Energy is seen to be operating in various regions across the United States principally through a number of some of its indirect and direct wholly owned subsidiaries. These are seen to include, Duke Energy Carolinas, Duke Energy Ind iana, Inc., Florida Power corporation d/b/a Progress Energy Florida, Inc., Duke Energy Ohio, Inc. (Duke Energy Ohio). The company is also seen to have operations in Latin America via its Duke Energy International, LLC (DEI). Over the years, the company’s segments have grown to include Commercial Power and international Energy and Franchised Electric and Gas (USFE&G). Duke energy has been able to make a number of recent acquisitions such as the July 2012 merger with the Progressive Energy Inc. and as well as its acquisition of the Chilean Campanario Power plant. One of the company’s subsidiaries was able to acquire Iberoamericana de Energia Ibener S.A. (Ibener) which was essentially operating as a subsidiary of the CGE Group. A more recent acquisition of Duke Energy is its June 2013 undisclosed minority stake acquisition of Clean Power Finance Inc. Duke Energy is seen to have a relatively large number of various investments that are generally seen to be categorized as o ther investments. These investments include; its wholly owned, Captive Insurance subsidiary, its Bison insurance Company Limited (Bison), a 50% Interest in DukeNet Communications, contributions to the Duke Energy Foundation, a 60% interest in the Duke Energy Trading and marketing, LLC (DukeNet) and a variety of other related telecommunications businesses (Reuters. Nd). Duke Energy’s U.S Franchised Electric and Gas Segment (U.S.FE&G) This segment of Duke Energy is found to be responsible for the generation, distribution, transmission and eventual sale of electricity in the regions covering northern South Carolina, North Carolina, west central Florida, northern Kentucky and southern, central and north Indiana. USFE&G is also seen to be involved in the transportation and sale of natural gas in the areas around northern Kentucky and southwestern Ohio. In order to effectively conduct its operations USFE&G is seen to primarily operate through Progress Energy Carolinas, Duke Energy Ohio, duke Energy Carolinas, Progress Energy Florida and Duke Energy Indiana. Of note however is that Duke Energy Indiana and Duke Energy Ohio that engage in distribution and transmission operations are collectively referred to as Duke Energy Midwest. The service area covered by USFE&G is found to cover an approximated area of about 10, 000 square miles. USFE&G is seen to be

Feminist Epistemology Essay Example for Free

Feminist Epistemology Essay Abstract In this paper I analyze the potential of Allison Jaggar’s suggestion that emotions in general, and outlaw emotions in particular, be incorporated into feminist epistemology. Jaggar advocates a standpoint theory of emotions, and suggests that the emotions of the oppressed in particular are helpful rather than inimical to acquiring knowledge. I argue that although there are some potential problems with Jaggar’s approach, these problems are common to standpoint theories and can be addressed by applying the solutions offered by other feminist theorists. One common criticism made by feminist epistemologists[i] is the critique of traditional epistemology’s notions of objectivity and neutrality. As Naomi Scheman puts it, in traditional epistemology â€Å"[t]hose who are taken to be in the best position to know are those who are believed to be objective, distanced, dispassionate, independent, and nonemotionally rational† (3-4). [ii] According to Allison Jaggar, the result of this conception of the knower in modern epistemology is a sharp distinction between reason and emotion where reason is privileged because emotions are viewed as involuntary responses that distort our rational observations of the world, which in turn distort the knowledge we can gain from these observations (1992). She further argues that this distinction contributes to the denial of women’s epistemic authority since women are associated with emotions and men with reason, and so men became the standard by which epistemic authority is judged. This is just one of many concerns feminist epistemologists share. However, there are many dissimilarities between feminists as to how to deal with the problems in traditional epistemology. [iii] One approach that I will focus on in this paper is feminist standpoint theory, particularly the standpoint theory offered by Jaggar in â€Å"Love and Knowledge: Emotions in Feminist Epistemology. † What Jaggar aims to accomplish in her paper is to â€Å"begin bridging the gap [between emotion and knowledge] through the suggestion that emotions may be helpful and even necessary rather than inimical to the construction of knowledge† (1992, 146). The bridge she wants to build includes a methodology for identifying biases of the dominant group that leads to false appraisals of the world. This methodology relies on the notion that perspective can be altered by the way one is situated in the world, particularly how one’s situatedness can affect one’s emotional perspective and response. I will explain the concept of emotional perspective and response in a moment, but I want to first note that the type of emotions she thinks are important to feminist epistemologists are outlaw emotions—which are emotional responses that do not follow or support the values and norms we have been taught to accept. Because outlaw emotions are usually a negative response to norms and values, they can help us identify which biases are causing errors in our methods of seeking knowledge. The point that Jaggar wants to make clear is that impartiality in our epistemic methods is impossible, therefore, we should give up on the notion of impartiality and work towards identifying biases that will better guide our epistemic endeavors. There is much debate between feminists over the potential of feminist standpoint epistemologies, yet, I think that Jaggar’s methodology warrants some consideration. [iv] However, because she offers just a sketch of how emotions might be incorporated into epistemology, there are some aspects of her theory that are problematic. The first problem is that standpoint theories seem to neglect the differing experiences of particular individuals within groups by trying to speak about the experiences of these groups in general. The second problem is that Jaggar needs to address how to distinguish which outlaw emotions could potentially further feminist interests from the other emotions, outlaw or otherwise. The general aim of this paper, then, is to initiate an investigation into whether Jaggar’s proposal will be a fruitful endeavor for feminist epistemologists. The more specific aim of this paper is to point out some of the potential problems that arise from her theory, as a feminist theory, and to offer some potential solutions for these problems, some of which are solutions that feminists have previously used to answer similar problems in other feminist theories. 1. Jaggar’s View Jaggar argues that theories that make the distinction between reason and emotion as it pertains to knowledge are mistaken in that they falsely assume emotions are involuntary responses that can be separated from reason. Jaggar contends that most emotions are socially constructed, intentional, and can influence our perceptions of the world. For example, when someone feels anger at a slight from a friend, this anger arises not as an involuntary response, but rather there is a judgment being made about the way friends ought to behave and the response of anger is the appropriate emotion that corresponds with one’s expectations being disappointed. We form beliefs about what constitutes a slight by a friend at the same time as we learn what our society values as appropriate friendship behavior and appropriate responses to different experiences—say affection as a response to respect from one’s friends and anger to disrespect. The idea that emotions are constructed suggests that socialization influences our appraisals of the world and the judgments we make are often emotional responses to observations that reflect the norms and values of our society. For example, when someone tells a joke the expected response is for a person to be amused. However, my being amused by a joke presupposes a number of social conditions. For instance, when we hear something like ‘a priest, a rabbi, and a duck walk into a bar’ we immediately feel an anticipatory amusement, since we recognize this as a joke formula. [v] If I do not recognize this formula then my lack of understanding could cause me to not share the same social experience as the other people who are hearing the same joke. Second, in order to find the joke amusing I must not only understand the language in which the joke is told, but also the content of the joke. I must share the same appraisal of the world in order to actually be amused by the punch line. Third, emotional responses are neither automatic nor passive in the sense that we have no control over them. I may be amused and laugh at a joke of this type. However, I may not laugh if I find the joke to be in bad taste even though not laughing when amusement is anticipated often creates moments of social tension and discomfort. The important thing to note here is that in both cases whether or not I am amused can be a deliberate conscious decision. From this example, we can see why Jaggar suggests that, â€Å"every emotion presupposes an evaluation of some aspect of the environment while, and conversely, every evaluation or appraisal of the situation implies that those who share the evaluation will share, ceteris paribus, a predictable emotional response to the situation† (1992, 153). Just as I would have to share a similar appraisal of the world in order to understand the punch line of a joke, I am also influenced by those preconceived notions to think the joke is funny. At the very least, I am conditioned to some extent to recognize a joke when I hear one and laugh when I think laughter is the expected response. Jaggar thinks it is important to recognize that emotions play a role in how we seek knowledge, given that if we maintain the distinction between emotion and reason in epistemology, then this distinction will influence whom we think are good epistemic agents: namely, dispassionate investigators who can keep their emotions from interfering with their observations. Ironically, because the notion of a dispassionate investigator is considered the ideal, we are biased in our assessment of who is a good investigator and who is not. Note that Jaggar is not saying we are not being impartial enough in our assessment of investigators; rather she is saying our bias in favour of the dispassionate is inhibiting because emotion is an essential part of knowledge. Moreover, the distinction between emotion and reason is problematic, as Jaggar points out, because â€Å"reason has been associated with members of dominant political, social, and cultural groups and emotion with members of subordinate groups†, like â€Å"people of color†¦and women† (1992, 157). The result of the false distinction between emotion and reason is that it produces a myth about investigators that functions in a circular pattern where the myth reinforces the oppression of those who are perceived as emotional, while the oppression reinforces the myth that it is bad to be emotional. In order to give a full account of what it means to be a good investigator, then, we should acknowledge how emotions function to produce passionate investigators who are reliable observers. The first point Jaggar thinks a full account should include is that in many ways emotions are socially constructed in a way that reflects the norms and values of our society, and that this emotional construction influences our evaluations and observations of the world. The second aspect of the social construction of our emotional constitution she wants to point out is that our emotional construction is not complete in the sense that there are people who do not always respond to or evaluate particular situations in a manner that reflects social norms and values. Jaggar calls these unconventional emotional responses and evaluations â€Å"outlaw† emotions, and states that they are usually experienced by â€Å"subordinated individuals who pay a disproportionately high price for maintaining the status quo† (1992, 160). However, when the distinction between emotion and reason is maintained biases against emotional responses in general and unconventional emotional responses in particular, are disregarded. For example, a woman may feel anger or fear when a sexist joke is made, but when she tries to voice her opinion she is told either that she did not understand the joke or that she has no sense of humour. Thus, when the distinction is maintained it makes it difficult, if not impossible, to realize that the joke is not funny because it is based on a negative stereotype. That is to say, it is not acknowledge that the stereotype and the expected emotional response is dictated by the current norms and values. Furthermore, because a woman, who may already be identified as a bad observer, is pointing out that there may be a mistake in our way of thinking, her response is disregarded as emotional and unreliable, and the oppressive norms and values go unquestioned. 2. Jaggar’s Methodology and Potential Problems The benefit of ridding ourselves of epistemologies that do not acknowledge the role of emotions, both conventional and unconventional, is that we can begin to recognize which norms and values are causing harmful biases and negative stereotypes. Furthermore, Jaggar claims that feminist outlaw emotions—which are outlaw emotions that â€Å"incorporate feminist perceptions and values†Ã¢â‚¬â€are particularly useful in feminist epistemology because they â€Å"can help in developing alternatives to prevailing reality by motivating new investigations†¦Feminist emotions provide a political motivation for investigation and so help determine the selection of problems as well as the method by which they are investigated† (1992, 161). Although Jaggar meant to offer a rough sketch of some of the changes that need to be made to our epistemic theories and practices, I think there are  some potential problems that need to be addressed. For one, I think she needs to say more about how we should determine which emotions will lead to fruitful norms and values, and which emotions we should reject. To her credit, it seems that Jaggar recognizes this is a question that needs to be addressed given that she tries to give reasons for why â€Å"certain alternative perceptions of the world, perceptions informed by outlaw emotions, are to be preferred to perceptions informed by conventional norms† (1992, 161). She claims the reason women’s outlaw emotions should be given consideration is because women are not members of the group that conventional beliefs about emotions privilege. Given that women experience the consequences of not being privileged, they are not as likely to adhere to these norms without question. Hence, they are better able to articulate the negative aspects of their experiences because they do not fear that this questioning of norms will threaten their privileged status. The problem with this response is that it does not seem to fully answer the question, because some outlaw emotions will not provide reliable guides to identifying biases, and so the difficulty will be distinguishing which emotions are reliable from those that are not. In order to give a more robust argument for why we should give special consideration to the emotions of oppressed people she needs to first address the fact that the â€Å"oppressed† do not share one perspective. As pointed out by Marilyn Frye, one problem with making claims about the standpoint of women’s emotional perspectives is that such claims seem to presuppose there are universal types of emotions—outlaw or otherwise—that are consistent throughout the emotions experienced by women. Frye notes that this is a mistake often made by feminists given that it is common for epistemological theories to espouse that â€Å"all knowers are essentially alike, that is, are essentially like oneself: one thinks that one speaks not just as oneself, but as a human being† (35). What happens in feminist theorizing as a response to this attitude is feminists become convinced they need to speak as â€Å"Women† in order to be taken seriously. As Frye points out, feminists often face the difficult task of trying to articulate â€Å"the circumstances, experience and perception of those who are historically, materially, culturally constructed by or through the concept women. But the differences among women across cultures, locales and generations make it clear that although all female humans may live lives shaped by the concepts of Woman, they are not all shaped by the same concept of Woman† (36). [vi] The point I want to stress from this passage is that not all women will experience the same emotions in the same contexts because we are formed by different concepts of â€Å"Woman† even though women in general face oppression in one form or another. In response to the problem of women’s differing experiences, Frye suggests feminists approach epistemology with a different methodology. That is, a methodology that will allow women to give meaning to their own experiences even though they are not experiences that are shared by all women. Part of this project entails that feminists give up the notion of a universal women’s experience. Another part is that they listen to many different women’s experiences and look for patterns of similarity. Frye suggests this methodology will result in the following: The experiences of each woman and of the women collectively generate a new web of meaning. Our process has been one of discovering, recognizing, and creating patterns—patterns within which experience made a new kind of sense, or in instances, for the first time made any sense at all. Instead of bringing a phase of enquiry to closure by summing up what is known, as other ways of generalizing do, pattern recognition/constructions opens fields of meaning and generates new interpretive possibilities. Instead of drawing conclusions from observations, it generates observations. (39) I think this methodology will be helpful in pointing out the outlaw emotions that can offer guidance as to which of our norms and values are questionable, and opens a dialogue over potential ways to change them. The methodology Frye advocates can be further developed if we consider potential ways in which women can express their experiences such that patterns can be recognized. One approach that I find particularly convincing is offered by Morwenna Griffiths. Griffiths suggests that feminist epistemologists can employ autobiographical accounts of women’s experiences as a means of articulating the differences between women’s experiences. Like Frye, Griffiths also notes that there is no one experience common to all women. However, Griffiths further claims that, â€Å"[i]ndividuals are not entirely of one group or another. On the contrary, individuals are fragments of an uncertain number of groups† (62). The conclusion she draws from this point is that it is an oversimplification to limit the types of knowledge humans can acquire into categories like women’s knowledge. One person can experience oppression from the perspective of more than one position. To name a few, one may experience oppressions from the perspectives of a particular race, class, gender, or sexual orientation, and intersections of these. For example, the oppression experienced by a native woman is not the same as that experienced by a native man or that experienced by a white woman. Hence, Griffiths suggests that one’s positions in the world at different times can contribute to her understanding of the world, which in turn will influence the knowledge she can acquire about the world. Noting the different positions from which an individual can have experiences and acquire knowledge is important because it suggests that there can be similarities between the positions we occupy and the individual experiences we have. This potential to have similar experiences of the world further suggests that similarities in experience make it the case that we are not completely denied access to other people’s understanding of the world. The reason Griffiths thinks autobiographical accounts are a crucial feature of feminist epistemology is because the way in which individuals come to find similarities in experiences is through language. To further clarify her point, she argues that, language has a considerable power to determine what we see and do, but this power is not absolute. We also create new language, by working on the languages in which we live. Individual experience can be used in creation knowledge in combinations with the experiences of others. Groups can develop languages of their own if they share particular psychosocial, social and linguistic experiences. Thus women in society, for instance, who share particular positions within it can develop a way of talking about this. (66) In short, Griffiths suggests that language is key to feminist epistemology because it points out how women with different experiences can nonetheless come to some consensuses on the oppressions they experience and the knowledge developed from these experiences. 3. Conclusion I think that if we incorporate Griffiths’ and Frye’s approach on Jaggar’s theory what we will find is a more tenable response to questions about which outlaw emotions can be regarded as being particular to women: namely, patterns of outlaw emotions that feminists have recognized through the expression of different women’s autobiographical accounts. And once we can start pointing out the commonalities between the different perspectives that arise from the standpoint of different women, we can begin show that there is something about women’s reality that makes it the case that they are experiencing the world differently than men. I have not even scratched the surface with respect to giving a detailed explanation of exactly how Jaggar thinks a fully functional theory of outlaw emotions might look. However, I am assuming that once theorists start admitting that emotion is an integral part of epistemology the intricate details of how to identify fruitful outlaw emotions will be worked out. For instance, we might be able to start identifying patterns of emotions that could be considered outlaw emotions and which norms and values that they are a response to. And this recognition will further our abilities to start questioning the norms and values that guide our epistemic practices. I think this is the sort of thing Jaggar had in mind when she states that the benefit of bridging the gap between emotion and knowledge is that our emotions, when properly accessed, â€Å"may contribute to the development of knowledge, so the growth of knowledge may contribute to the development of appropriate emotions† (1992,163). The development of this project may be slow and arduous, but given the problems that exist in traditional epistemology I think Jaggar’s project seems worthy of consideration as a potential contributor to a solution. NOTES [i] For the purposes of this paper I will equate feminist epistemologists with feminists philosophers of science given that there are many overlapping interests between the two. [ii] For similar arguments, particularly with respect to how positivism had contributed to the notion of the ideal objective knower, see Jaggar (1992) and (1983), especially pp. 355-358; Code (1993). [iii] As noted by Louise Antony, â€Å"For discussions of epistemological frameworks available to feminists, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism, (Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press, 1986), especially pp. 24-29; Mary Hawkesworth, â€Å"Feminist Epistemology: A Survey of the Field,† Women and Politics 7 (1987): 112-124; and Hilary Rose, â€Å"Hand, Brain, and Heart: A feminist Epistemology for the Natural Sciences,† Signs 9, 11 (1983): 73-90. † (Antony 2002, Note 3). [iv] For discussion of Feminist Standpoint Theory, see Bar On (1993); Harding (1993); Longino (1993). For a more general analysis of essentialism in feminist theorizing, see Spelman (1988). [v] Thanks to Elizabeth Brake for clarifying the distinction between the emotion of amusement and the behavior of laughter, as well as supplying me with an example of amusement anticipation. [vi] Jaggar does mention that she is speaking â€Å"very generally of people and their emotions, as though everyone experienced similar emotions and dealt with them in similar ways† (Jaggar 1992, 157). And she further notes that â€Å"it is an axiom of feminist theory†¦that all generalizations about ‘people’ are suspect† (Jaggar 1992, 157). So she does, at the very least, seem to recognize that she may fall prey to Frye’s criticism. However, she goes on to argue that making generalizations about the emotionality of women is part of how the epistemic authority of men is perpetuated, and she does not address the issue of how she should deal with the problem as it applies to standpoint theory. I find this particularly odd given that in another work she claims that part of the project of feminist ethics entails that feminists be sensitive to the fact that all women are not similarly situated in such a way that universal claims can be made about them even though there are commonalities between women’s situatedness at times. (Jaggar 1991). So, although I am uncertain as to why she does not deal with problems that might arise from this issue as it applies to standpoint theory, I gather that she would welcome rather than reject feminist theories that could aid her in avoiding this problem as it would apply to feminist epistemology. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcoff, Linda, and Elizabeth Potter. 1993. Feminist epistemologies. New York: Routledge. Antony, Louise. 2002. Quine as a feminist: the radical import of naturalized epistemology. In A mind of one’s own 2nd edition, ed. Louise M. Antony and Charlotte E. Witt. Colorado: Westview Press. Bar On, Bat-Ami. 1993. Marginality and epistemic privilege. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Code, Lorraine. 1993. Taking subjectivity into account. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Frye, Marilyn. 1996. The possibility of feminist theory. In Women, knowledge and reality 2nd edition. ed. Ann Garry and Marilyn Pearsall. New York: Routledge. Griffiths, Morwenna. 1995. Feminisms and the self. New York: Routledge. Harding, Sandra. 1993. Rethinking standpoint epistemology: â€Å"what is strong objectivity†?. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Jaggar, Alison M. 1992. Love and knowledge: emotions in feminist epistemology. In Gender/body/knowledge. ed. Alison M. Jaggar and Susan R. Bordo. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. . 1991. Feminist ethics: projects, problems, prospects. In Feminist ethics. ed. Claudia Card. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. . 1983. Feminist politics and human nature. New Jersey: Rowman Allanheld Publishers. Longino, Helen E. 1993. Subjects, power and knowledge: description and prescription in feminist philosophies of science. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Scheman, Naomi. 1993. Engenderings: constructions of knowledge, authority, and privilege. New York: Routledge. Spelman, Elizabeth V. 1988. Inessential women: problems of exclusion in feminist thought Boston: Beacon Press.

Tennessee Williams Essay Example for Free

Tennessee Williams Essay Elia Kazan once said of Tennessee Williams that Everything in his life is in his plays, and everything in his plays is in his life. This statement could not possibly be more correct as every main character in A Street Car Named Desire whether it is their situation, physical description or personality traits can be linked to somebody who had played a role in Williams life. Firstly, the relationship between Stella and Stanley reflects that of Williams own parents. His family life was wracked with violent arguments and a tense atmosphere, which is clearly displayed in the play by Mr and Mrs Kowalski. Stellas attitude towards her marriage can be compared to that of Williams own mother Edwina. Stella says of Stanleys violent behaviour that people have got to tolerate each others habits, I feel that Williams depicted his own mother when creating Stella as he and his sister Rose often encouraged his mother to leave their abusive father but she was adamant to stay. It could be also said that the relationship between Stella and her sister Blanche is like the one Williams had with his sister Rose. Blanche is obviously mentally unbalanced and requires constant care and attention from Stella, however she is mortified when Blanche is committed to the asylum asking Eunice, What have I done to my sister? This is an event in the play that would certainly perturb Stella physiologically for the rest of her life. This echoes Williamss life because his sister had a full frontal lobotomy performed on her with the consent of her mother, this deeply disturbed Williams and I think there is a hint of this displayed in Blanches mentality and Stellas attitudes towards it. He also took care of his sister for the majority of her life as Stella did for Blanche before she left Belle Reve and also in the painful months before she was committed. Stella dotes on her sister and I think Williams felt the same way for his sister Rose. Blanche is the main character in the play but it can be difficult to define how Williams would feel close to her. I think however the issue of sexuality is what his empathy with Blanche is constructed of. Blanche is promiscuous and gives away her love freely but all of this is because of past rejection and heartache. Blanche was married when she was very young but she caught her husband in bed with another man and at the time when this was written, homosexuality was looked upon as disgusting, abnormal and considered a sin. Williams was a homosexual and perhaps this situation was his way of adding his personal feelings and issues that had affected him into Blanches persona. After consideration however, I actually feel that Williams feels closest to Stanley. Williams actually had a close friend named Stanley Kowalski when he was forced to work at the International Shoe Company for his father. Even though he is considered the villain of the play, I think Williams saw his father in Stanley. The violence he witnessed in his early years obviously affected him deeply and perhaps he felt that all marriages were in fact based on desire and sex as opposed to love. Perhaps this is why he was homosexual. Also, I think Stanley has some of the same traits as his creator, Stanley is a heavy drinker and gambler and these are problems that ailed Williams during the course of his life. It would appear that Williams never had the luxury of the truth about his familys issues being concealed from him I think this is why he made Stanley such a realist and allowed him to expose Blanche. It is clear that Williams was never expecting a happy ending both in the play and his life. My personal feelings are actually very different. Although I can understand why Williams would feel close to Stanley I have no empathy for the character myself. The person I feel closest to in the play is actually Mitch. I would like to think Mitch could be defined as the hero of the play; one of Blanches first observations of Mitch is that he seems different from the others. Mitch was Blanches ticket to happiness and if it werent for Stanley all of this could have been possible. I think the reason why I feel so close to Mitch is because of his touching behaviour in Scene eleven. When he realises what is happening to Blanche he threatens to kill Stanley for what he has done but his emotions and love for Blanche overcome him and he collapses at the table sobbing. Stanley may be the king but Mitch is a human being at least.